• 1 École des hautes études en sciences sociales [EHESS]

“Lessons learned from the January 2015 Paris attacks: Double standards and Universalism”. This paper revisits the notion of republican universalism which has been challenged for by the highly publicized statements of right- and left-wing political leaders for several years, as well as by intellectuals and associations. The author’s intent is to warn against the predominance of a racialized view of French society, reflected in the challenge of the “double standard” principle by certain associations and in the competition created between the various victims of racism, anti-Semitism and Islamophobia.